Ciudadanos
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Citizens (Spanish: ; Catalan: Ciutadans [siwtəˈðans]; shortened as Cs—C's until January 2017), officially Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Ciudadanos–Partido de la Ciudadanía, CS), is a liberal political party in Spain. The party has been located in the centre to centre-right of the political spectrum.
Citizens' political ideology was initially unclear beyond a strong opposition to Catalan independence and Catalan nationalism in general. The party initially presented itself as left-of-centre, holding social democratic and progressive liberal positions; however, it removed any mention of social democracy from its platform in February 2017, moving closer to the political centre. By 2018, it was judged by commentators to have drifted further away from the left, as its focus shifted to competing against the People's Party (PP) as the leading party of the Spanish right. Despite describing itself as postnationalist, it has been deemed by journalists and academics as professing a Spanish nationalist ideology. Since 2023, the party has been described as less focused on opposing Catalan nationalism, instead emphasising liberal policies.
Founded in Catalonia in 2006, the party initially enjoyed growing support throughout the 2010s on a regional and national level, owing to its staunch opposition to Catalan independence as well as the PP's decline in popularity under then-Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy. Entering the Congress of Deputies in 2015 in fourth place, it became the single largest party in the Parliament of Catalonia in 2017 and entered multiple coalition governments in autonomous communities. Citizens reached its electoral zenith at the April 2019 general election, where it became the third-largest party in the country and pulled ahead of the PP in several regions. This popularity did not last long: after refusing to form a coalition with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), that year's November snap election saw Citizens lose 47 seats and become the country's smallest national party, resulting in leader Albert Rivera's resignation and departure from politics. This proved to be the first of a succession of electoral defeats that would set Citizens on the path to near-complete political collapse.
In 2021, the party failed to pass a no-confidence vote against its own regional government with the PP in Murcia, after which its coalition partner in the Assembly of Madrid triggered a snap election over fears of meeting the same fate — this resulted in Citizens losing all of its Madrilenian seats, having already lost 30 of its 36 seats in Catalonia earlier that year. The following year, the party lost all but one of its seats in the Cortes of Castile and León, as well as all of its seats in the Parliament of Andalusia. The party chose not to contest the 2023 Spanish general election after facing a near-total collapse in that year's regional and local elections. In 2024, the party lost the last of its electoral representatives in the Catalan and European Parliament elections, receiving less than one percent of the vote in both cases.
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