null space
     {
        In mathematics, the kernel of a linear map, also known as the null space or nullspace, is the part of the domain which is mapped to the zero vector of the co-domain; the kernel is always a linear subspace of the domain. That is, given a linear map L : V → W between two vector spaces V and W, the kernel of L is the vector space of all elements v of V such that L(v) = 0, where 0 denotes the zero vector in W, or more symbolically:
  
    
      
        ker
        
        (
        L
        )
        =
        
          {
          
            
              v
            
            ∈
            V
            ∣
            L
            (
            
              v
            
            )
            =
            
              0
            
          
          }
        
        =
        
          L
          
            −
            1
          
        
        (
        
          0
        
        )
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ker(L)=\left\{\mathbf {v} \in V\mid L(\mathbf {v} )=\mathbf {0} \right\}=L^{-1}(\mathbf {0} ).}
  
    
    
     {
         
    
    
                     
           
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