Suavi
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The Suebi or Suebians (also known as Suevi or Suavi) were a large and powerful group of Germanic peoples during the Roman era, who originated near the Elbe river region in what is now northeastern Germany, but subsequently came to be a dominant influence in much of Germania, which stretched from Roman borders on the Rhine and Danube, to Scandinavia and the Vistula river. In archaeology the earliest Suebi from the Elbe are associated with the Jastorf culture. In linguistics they are believed to have been a major vector for the spread of early Germanic languages, notably including dialects ancestral to modern standard German. The Suebi were originally seen by Roman authors as a single large, mobile and militarized tribe who were pushing westwards and southwards towards the Rhine. However, during the first century Graeco-Roman writers came to see the word "Suebi" as an umbrella term which covered many large tribes with their own names, who shared cultural, economic and political connections which each other, and with the Roman empire. Particularly important were the cluster of Suebian peoples including the Marcomanni and Quadi who settled near present day Czech Republic and Slovakia, and played an important role in Roman history over several centuries.
After several periods of conflict against the Romans, the Marcomannic Wars broke out during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, in the late 2nd century AD. During these long and destructive wars the Marcomanni invaded Italy itself, but they were eventually defeated. A cycle of tension, cooperation and conflict continued between the Suebi and the Romans. During the Crisis of the Third Century, the Marcomanni were apparently involved in some of the largescale invasions and raids from the east, which the Goths led into Roman territories. In the meantime, new Suebian groups emerged in the west. Italy was invaded by the Juthungi, who were Semnones, and these in turn played a role in the ethnogenesis of the Alamanni who took control of an area between the Rhine and Danube. In the 4th century the Alamanni, like their neighbours the Franks, Burgundians, and Marcomanni, became frenemies of the empire, contributing to the Roman military, and sometimes coming into conflict with it.
The term "Suebi" came back into common use after the Roman defeat at the Battle of Adrianople in 378 AD, both the Romans and the Suebian tribes lost control of the Middle Danubian frontier region, when large numbers of Goths, Alans and Huns from eastern Europe were able to settle there. In 395 AD, Saint Jerome listed the Quadi and Marcomanni, together with their non-Suebian neighbours the Sarmatians and Vandals, as peoples who had recently been ransacking the nearby Roman provinces together with these newcomers. In 409 he placed the Quadi in another list of peoples from the Danubian region who had recently moved west, and occupied parts of Gaul. These were the last clear contemporary records of the Quadi. Given their presence in Gaul in 409 AD the Quadi are considered likely to have been prominent among the Suebi who moved further west into Iberia by 409 AD and founded the Kingdom of the Suebi in Gallaecia, in present day northern Spain and Portugal. This Gallaecian kingdom lasted for more than a century, until it was defeated by the Visigoths, and integrated into their kingdom in 585.
Meanwhile, until he died in 453, the empire of Attila controlled the Middle Danubian region, and a much later source claimed that the Quadi, Marcomanni and Suebi were among the peoples who contributed to his military. After Attila's death, smaller kingdoms were founded in or near the old Marcomanni and Quadi kingdoms, including one which was called Suebian. This short-lived independent kingdom was defeated by Ostrogoths at the Battle of Bolia in 469. Some of them apparently moved westwards under their king Hunimund, into present-day western Austria and southern Germany, where they became allies of the Alemanni and contributed to the ethnogenesis of the medieval Swabians.
Many Suebians, particularly the Marcomanni, are believed to have been integrated into Roman populations south of the Danube. A Sava or Suavia province between the Sava and Drava rivers in present day Slovenia and Croatia existed during the time when the Ostrogoths ruled Italy, and may have been named after these Suebi (now commonly spelled Suavi). The Suebian Langobards (Lombards), moved from the Elbe to the Danube and conquered several of the post-Attila kingdoms. They entered the Sava area in the 530s, and in the 540s the Eastern empire ceded control of it to them. The Suebi of the Sava region were among the peoples who were allowed to assimilate into Lombard society, if they accepted to live as Lombards under Lombard law. The Lombards, facing pressure from the arrival of the Avars into the area, moved into Italy and began taking control of it, bit by bit.
Apart from the Swabians and Lombards, Suebi are also believed to have played a role in the ethnogenesis of the medieval Bavarians. More generally, Suebian dialects are thought to be a main source of the later High German languages, especially the Upper-German dialects predominant in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria, which experienced the Second consonant shift some time after about 600 AD.
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Barış'ca - 2022-04-22 00:00:00
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